Implementing tissue engineering and regenerative medicine solutions in medical implants.

BACKGROUND Surgical implants are widely used in the medical field but their long-term performance is limited due to failure of integration with tissues. This manuscript describes very well-known problems associated with implants and discusses novel solutions used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine that can be implemented in this uncommonly discussed medical area. SOURCES OF DATA General and medical literature describing modifications of medical and surgical implants, biofunctionalization, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Procedures for surgical implantation have grown substantially in the last few decades and provided improved quality of life for patients, regardless of area of implantation and device type and purpose. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY In general, implants fail because of lack of long-term integration with the surrounding tissues. Implant manufacturers have not addressed implant failure from the point of view of biointegration. In addition, some medical practitioners are inclined to treat implant failure by using anti-infection methods to prevent bacterial adhesion. However, both approaches are conceptually limited, as discussed in this manuscript. GROWING POINTS Implantation in the future will not be limited to medically needed procedures but also to a growing number of cosmetic body transformation procedures, which may include perceived 'improved implant functions' over natural tissues or organs. An additional trend is that implant procedures are being progressively performed in younger individuals. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Current implants generally do not allow the physician to have controlled long-term access to internal tissues in contact with the implants, for example to release specific compounds when medically needed to the problem area.